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DIABETES

Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders characterized by dysregulated carbohydrate metabolism and persistent hyperglycemia, resulting from inadequate insulin secretion, impaired insulin action or a combination of both. Often referred to as a “silent killer,” diabetes is a major global health concern. In India, its prevalence is rapidly increasing, with approximately 90 million adults currently affected and an additional 25 million individuals classified as prediabetic.

Classification of Diabetes Mellitus:
1.  Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM)
Formerly termed as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or juvenile-onset diabetes. T1DM is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system selectively destroys pancreatic β-cells. This results in absolute insulin deficiency and consequent hyperglycemia.

2.  Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)
Previously referred to as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes. T2DM is a progressive metabolic condition characterized by insulin resistance and/or inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, leading to chronic elevation of blood glucose levels.

3.  Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)
GDM is defined as glucose intolerance first recognized during pregnancy. Although it often resolves postpartum, affected individuals have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.

Chronic and uncontrolled hyperglycemia is associated with structural and functional damage to various tissues, resulting in both microvascular and macrovascular complications. These complications contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality associated with diabetes mellitus.

  • Microvascular complications: Diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy.

  • Macrovascular complications: Increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction, stroke and peripheral arterial disease.

The following are key laboratory markers used to evaluate and diagnose diabetes: 

•    Stable A1C estimation using HLC-723GX 

•    Stable A1C estimation using HLC-723G11

•    Insulin estimation using AIA 

•    C-peptide estimation using AIA

Diagnostics-IND-SPgs-Diabetes 
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