ALLERGY

Allergy refers to the body’s immune response to common substances which triggers a reaction described as hypersensitivity. Allergy is a Type-1 hypersensitivity reaction to allergens, manifesting as a continuum from minor to severe manifestations. 

Studies have proved that allergies affect millions of people worldwide. In India, the prevalence of allergies has been increasing rapidly, affecting individuals of all ages and socio-economic backgrounds. The prevalence of allergies is expected to increase in the coming years, emphasizing the need for improved allergy diagnosis and management.

Confirmation of allergies and identification of causative allergens is crucial in managing it. Precise diagnosis is required to implement therapies oriented to the etiologic factors of allergic diseases. The advancements in research and the incorporation of various synergistic scientific tools like biotechnology, protein chemistry, molecular and structural biology has led to the invention of Component Resolved Diagnostics (CRD). 

CRD is an advanced technology that utilizes individual protein components from an allergen source to detect specific IgE. These protein components are produced using recombinant DNA technology through bacterial vectors like E.coli. CRD incorporates molecular allergens that are produced recombinantly in a standardized manner. It enhances the specificity of the test by discriminating between genuine sensitizations and cross-reactive sensitizations. 

CRD brings forth a new era of allergy diagnostics, with improved accuracy, precision and significantly greater sensitivity and specificity. Other than the analytical benefits associated with CRD, molecular level analysis of the patient greatly enhances the clinician's ability to diagnose and treat the allergic patient. 

Testing for IgE sensitization (total and specific) is the cornerstone of diagnostic evaluation in suspected allergic conditions. 

The following are key laboratory markers used to evaluate and diagnose allergy:

•    Total IgE (IgE)

•    Allergen Specific IgE (sIgE)